Poverty Is Not Caused by Overpopulation Essay Example

Poverty Is Not Caused by Overpopulation Essay Example Poverty Is Not Caused by Overpopulation Paper Poverty Is Not Caused by Overpopulation Paper First presented some facts about world population and demography. Then I analyzed the Malthusian and Marxist views on population. I talked about the existing views that considered population growth as the main reason behind poverty. Then I discussed my arguments about those view and discussed how population growth is not the primary cause of low standard of living, gross inequalities or limited freedom choice that characterize much of the developing world. I tried to find the main reasons behind the impoverishment of the poor countries and how those lead to overpopulation. Background: Human race came into existence around 2 billion years ago. Agricultural Revolution took place about 10,000 years ago when people used to hunt and gather food. At that time the estimated world population was about 4 million. The population started to grow significantly after the agricultural revolution. However, the most dramatic population growth occurred after the Industrial Revolution in sass. The world population was approaching one billion people and was increasing by more than two million every year. This dramatic population growth is termed population explosion because within less than 00 years the number of people mushroomed to more than 6 billion whereas before this, world population grew very slowly for millions of years. At this very moment, nearly 7 billion people are sharing this planet. By 2050, the population is expected to reach 9 billion. The world population is very unevenly distributed by geographic region, fertility and mortality levels and age structure. Here we also have to consider the term demographic transition: transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. Most of the developing countries are in stage two and the developed countries in stage three. So in the developing countries, though death rate has dropped significantly due to improvement in medicine and health care, fertility rate remains high. So population growth is highest in the developing and poor countries. Existing literature: Now the question is why birth rates are so high in the developing countries? In 1 798, Thomas Malthusian proposed a theory that determines the relationship between population growth and economic development. According to him, the poor countries are poor because of the population growth. Eliminate the population problem and the problem of poverty will be solved by itself. To eliminate the extra people, positive and preventive checks are necessary. Positive checks are famine, natural disasters, war etc which according to him is a good way to get rid of the unnecessary people who are burden to the society. Preventive checks would be only moral restrain because birth controls were considered as sins according to the Catholic Church. Malthusian was not aware of the technological progress that would occur and thus he came up with the theory that food production will not be able to keep up with the population growth. Thus the solution was to get rid of the poor people. Karl Marx saw the Malthusian point of view as an outrage against humanity. Marx pinpointed the fact that with technological progress, there would be more production. So capital would be increasing too. However, the few capitalist who own all the resources exploit the poor workers and keep them poor. So poverty is the result of a poorly organized capitalist society where there is no equal distribution of wealth. From the Marxist point of view, overpopulation is not the reason behind slow economic growth and development. Though the theory of Malthusian is much criticized and controversial, his ideas are still remaining in the present world. Many theorists and economists see the reduction of population growth through severe measures as the easiest way of ensuring economic prosperity in a developing country. According to them, unrestrained population increase is the main reason behind low standard of living, malnutrition, ill health, environmental degradation, and many other economic and social problems. There is a theory known as population-poverty cycle. This theory states that overpopulation makes the economic, social, and psychological problems more complicated. As more children are born every day, there is less savings rate per person in the household and national level. Because of the uncontrolled population growth, the government fails to provide the basic necessities for the additional people. This leads to low living standard of the existing generation and eventually poverty is transferred to the next generation. At present China is the most populous country in the world with a number Of 1. 34 billion. This country has undertaken one Of the most harsh and coercive population control policies in the early sass- one child per family policy. Though this policy dramatically reduced the growth rate, is caused many socio-economic problems and controversies. However, the cline in the fertility rate in China through one child policy is less successful than approaches based on women empowerment and education in some parts of India, such as the state of Kraal. This shows us that population no longer remains a problem even though there is slow economic growth by focusing on empowering people, especially women. Defending my thesis: My thesis is that poverty causes overpopulation and to solve both the problems, other issues are needed to be taken care of. One of the main causes that keep poor countries and poor people poor is unequal distribution of wealth and natural resources. The developed countries consist of one quarter of the worlds population but consume almost 80% of the world resources. In 2005, the wealthiest 20% of the world accounted for 76. % of total private consumption. The poorest 20% consumed just 1. 5%. When one child is born in a developed country, the amount of money and resources spend behind it is equivalent to 16 children in the developing countries. Therefore the developed countries should cut back their very high consumption instead of asking developing countries to control their population growth. However they do not do that in an attempt to hold down he development of the poor countries to continue dominance over them and to maintain the very expensive living style. So they made population growth the main reason behind poverty to distract everyone from the real reasons. They pressurize the poor nations to adopt aggressive population control programs even though they themselves went through a period of sizable population increase that accelerated their own development processes. So as the Lads are kept poor, no or less development occurs and thus generates overpopulation. Also a huge amount of resources are hold idle. For example, only 12% of all the potential arable land is under cultivation. So the land actually being cultivated amounts only a fraction of its potential. According to one web resource- Enough arable land exists in India to give each person in the country approximately half an acre. In famine-ravaged Ethiopia, each person could have three-quarters of an acre of arable land. Africa, the poorest continent, has 20. 2% of the worlds land area, and only 13% of its population. North America has a whopping 2. 1 acres of arable land per person! So many areas with potential resources are under populated and any small areas (urban areas in the Lads) are concentrated with too many people. This unequal distribution of people in terms of land causes poverty rather than the population growth. Underdevelopment itself is a huge problem. If the governments of the developing countries adopt correct strategies that promote higher levels Of living, greater self-esteem and expanded freedom, population will take care of itself. If people are healthy and better educated, they will themselves be aware of the fact that smaller families are better than larger families. On the other case, if they are uneducated and physically and psychologically weak, the large family will be the only real source of social security. So the birth control programs and severe child control policies will be unsuccessful if there is no motivation to empower and enlighten the people, especially the women. If the women have equal roles and status like the men and have access to birth control, fertility rate will fall by itself. However, the richest people of the developing countries consume most of the resources and deprive the rest of the people of their daily necessities. As the poor people are kept poor they fail to get educated ND empowered which leads to low quality of life and overpopulation. Conclusion: Overpopulation is not the main cause behind poverty. It is the other way around. However, fast population growth is not desirable too. So in order to develop, countries like Bangladesh need to adopt policies that focus on making people aware of the ways to keep the family small. The consequences of rapid population should neither be exaggerated nor minimized. However, it is pretty clear problem of population is not simply a problem Of huge number. It is about quality of life and material well being.

Biography of Gregorio Zara, Inventor of the Videophone

Biography of Gregorio Zara, Inventor of the Videophone Gregorio Zara (March 8, 1902–October 15, 1978) was a Filipino scientist best known as the inventor of the videophone, the first two-way electronic video communicator, in 1955. All told, he patented 30 devices. His other inventions ranged from an alcohol-powered airplane engine to a solar-powered water heater and stove. Fast Facts: Gregorio Zara Known For: Inventor of the video telephoneBorn: March 8, 1902 in Lipa City, Batangas, PhilippinesDied: October 15, 1978Education: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Michigan, Sorbonne UniversityAwards and Honors: National Scientist Award (Philippines)Spouse: Engracia Arcinas LaconicoChildren: Antonio, Pacita, Josefina, Lourdesï » ¿ Early Life Gregorio Zara was born on March 8, 1902, in Lipa City, Batangas, Philippines. He earned a bachelors degree in mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a masters in aeronautical engineering (summa cum laude) at the University of Michigan, and a doctorate in physics at Sorbonne University in Paris (summa cum laude with Tres Honorable, the highest graduate student honor). He returned to the Philippines and became involved in both the government and the academic worlds. He worked in several posts with the Department of Public Works and Communications and the Department of National Defense, mostly in the aviation. At the same time, he taught aeronautics at several universities- including the American Far Eastern School of Aviation, the Far Eastern University, and the FEATI University- and published many books and research papers on aeronautics. In 1934 Zara married Engracia Arcinas Laconico, who the year before had been named Miss Philippines. They had four children: Antonio, Pacita, Josefina, and Lourdesï » ¿. Discoveries Begin In 1930, he discovered the physical law of electrical kinetic resistance, known as the Zara Effect, which involves the resistance to the passage of an electric current when contacts are in motion. Later he invented the earth induction compass, which is still used by pilots, and in 1954 his airplane engine powered by alcohol had a successful test flight at the Ninoy Aquino International Airport. Then came the videophone. Before video calling became as commonplace as it is in the 21st century, the technology had been developed but started slowly, possibly because it was so far ahead of its time. In the middle of the 1950s, long before the start of the digital age, Zara developed the first videophone or two-way television-telephone. The device left the realm of science fiction and comic books when Zara patented it in 1955 as a â€Å"photo phone signal separator network.† Videophone Catches On That first iteration didnt catch on, largely because it wasn’t intended as a commercial product. But in the 1960s, ATT began working on a model of a videophone, called a â€Å"picturephone,† aimed at the public. The company released the videophone at the 1964 New York World’s Fair, but it was seen as impractical and didnt fare well. It caught fire as the digital age was beginning in the late 1990s. The videophone first caught on as a device that easily enabled distance learning and video conferencing and also proved helpful for the hearing impaired. Then came such derivations as Skype and smartphones, and the videophone became ubiquitous worldwide. Other Scientific Contributions Zaras other inventions and discoveries include: Improving methods of producing and harnessing solar energy, including new designs for a solar-powered water heater, stove, and battery (1960s)Inventing wooden aircraft propellers  and  a corresponding propeller-cutting machine (1952)Designing a microscope with a collapsible stageHelping design the robot Marex X-10, which could walk, talk, and respond to commandsInventing the vapor chamber, used to visualize radioactive elements Zara died of heart failure at the age of 76 in 1978. Legacy In his lifetime, Gregorio Zara amassed 30 patents. In the year of his death he was presented the National Scientist Award, the highest honor  the Philippine government gives to Filipino scientists, by President Ferdinand E. Marcos. He also received: The Presidential Diploma of MeritThe Distinguished Service Medal (1959) for his pioneering works and achievements in solar energy research, aeronautics, and televisionThe Presidential Gold Medal and Diploma of Honor for Science and Research (1966)The Cultural Heritage Award for Science Education and Aero Engineering (1966) Sources Meet Gregorio Zara, the Filipino Engineer Who Created the World’s First Video Phone. Gineersnow.com.Today in Philippine History, March 8, 1902, Gregorio Y. Zara was born in Lipa City, Batangas. The Kahimyang Project.Role Models in Science Engineering Achievement: Gregorio Zara. Scienceblogs.com.Miss Philippines of the Manila Carnival, Engracia Arcinas Laconico. Manila Carnivals 1908-39.

Plato - The Republic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Plato - The Republic - Essay Example as a real philosopher named Plato and was somewhat of a contemporary of Plato (Socrates died when Plato was but twenty-five), the ideas accredited to Socrates are generally thought to be Plato originals and Reeve acknowledges as much (Reeve 2004 P xi). So through his own observations of the Republic Reeve puts forth an interesting argument that Plato felt strongly in the goodness of Kallipolis (in Greek the beautiful or noble city) and was very eager to broadcast his ideas through the argument/debate process written in the Republic. In the introduction, Reeve points out that Plato’s main theme in Kallipolis is not the bylaws which govern the city. Instead, the speaker talks of the value of a social structure based entirely on virtue, achieved in ways not the least of which is the education of all people (Reeve 2004 P xix). This includes females, which is not a very favourable idea among his conversationalists. So almost from the first Plato realizes this vision of utopia (a term coined by Sir Thomas Moore almost 1,900 years later) would never actually exist. In the Republic, Book 1 finds Socrates and his companion Glaucon returning from a religious festival only to find themselves literally forced to spend at least the night with a man named Polemarchus, his brothers and his aged father Cephalus. Wiling away the time the men get into a deep philosophical discussion concerning politics and money. As happens with the elderly, Cephalus is happy with the money he has made and expounds that at his age, having virtues (i.e. not cheating or lying) is far more important than the wealth he has accumulated (Reeve 2004 P 5). So the conversation naturally turns to virtue and two subjects brought up are paying one’s debts and helping a friend with his enemy (your enemy is my enemy). Plato rejects these, not on the basis of not being just ideas, but rather that they are mostly hard to define, for each situation is different (in battle, at sea, etc.) and says he

Insurance Industry in Australia and Acts of Parliament Essay

Insurance Industry in Australia and Acts of Parliament - Essay Example In essence, the insurance industry in Australia offers insurance services to Australians in three major categories, which are: health insurance, life insurance and general insurance. Moreover, the insurance industry in Australia falls under the financial services sector. The above three categories of insurance are regulated by different acts of Parliament. In accordance with Australian pieces of legislation, the major Acts of Parliament that regulate the insurance industry are: (i) The Life Insurance Act (1995), (ii) The Insurance Act 1973 and (iii) The Corporate Act. The government bodies that enforce the above Acts are: â€Å"The Australian Taxation Office (ATO)†, â€Å"The Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC)†, â€Å"The Superannuation Complaints Tribunal (SCT)† and â€Å"The Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA)†. This paper provides a report on how the insurance industry in Australia is regulated by the relevant Acts of Parliament. A law in Australia entails an Act passed by the Federal Parliament as stipulated in the Australian Constitution, Acts passed by Legislative Assemblies and State Parliament, Ordinances created in relation to territories, Australian common law and statute laws (Australian Governement Comlaw 2009: 1). General insurance in Australia The main legislation that regulates general insurance in Australia is â€Å"The Insurance Act 1973 (Cth) (Insurance Act)†. General insurance in Australia is divided into: (i) liability insurance, and (ii) property insurance. A further categorization of liability insurance has the classes of: worker’s compensation, motor insurance (better known as Compulsory Third Party (CPT)), public liability insurance, insurance for business and professional indemnity. In addition, a further categorization of property insurance has the classes of: travel insurance, home and contents insurance, and motor vehicles comprehensive insurance (Gray 2010: 1). Life insurance in Australia In the Australian insurance industry, life insurance is basically divided into the categories of: superannuation investment, life insurance and disability income insurance. The major acts that govern superannuation investment in Australia are: (i) The Superannuation Industry (Supervision) ACT 1993, and (ii) Financial Services Reforms Act 2002. The â€Å"Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993† is legislation on all the rules of compliance in the insurance industry. In essence, the Act looks into issues that involve: fund accounts and administration, enquiries and complaints, investments, fund management regulation and operation of the vast superannuation funds and setting up penalties for insurers who do not perform in relation to the rules stipulated in the Act. This Act registers all the superannuation trustees in Australian insurance industry. Additionally, all the trustees who seek registration must be qualified in risk management, financial and technology issues and have skills in management profession. On the other hand, the â€Å"Financial Services Reform Act 2002† is an Act that provides standardization in the insurance industry in relation with the financial industry. Essentially, it determines if a license to operate a fund should be given a particular superannuation fund trustee. The major roles of the â€Å"Financial Services Reform Act 2002† are, firstly, providing license to dealers who are to provide insurance services or products; secondly, determine

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Ethanol And Biodiesel Environmental Sciences Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Ethanol And Biodiesel Environmental Sciences Essay The worlds energy consumption has been increasing progressively since the industrial revolution 1. Global population is continuing to dramatically rise and the increase in economic development, particularly in China and India, over recent decades has contributed to increases in energy consumption 2. Currently, nearly 45 percent of Australias total energy consumption is accounted for by coal, with oil providing approximately 35 percent, natural gas supplying around 15 percent and green power providing just over 5 percent 2. Alternative fuels are stated to be a potentially viable alternative to the use of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels contribute to almost eighty percent of the total energy used in the world 3, 4. Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources that are limited in their supply and the burning of fossil fuels on a global scale can produce air pollution, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), release significant amounts of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), and contribute to g lobal warming 1, 3, 5, 6. Alternative fuels are considered to have a less adverse effect on the environment, and are stated to be a solution to the problems created by fossil fuels 1. The main difference between fossil derived fuels and alternative fuels is the oxygen content, with alternative fuels having 10-45 wt% oxygen compared to fossil fuels which contain almost none 7. In Australia, the alternative fuels industry is relatively small, but is gradually expanding particularly in regard to ethanol or biodiesel production8. Alternative fuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel may prospectively provide an alternative for global fuel requirements. There are however, a number of drawbacks related to alternative fuels which may inhibit them from completely replacing fossil fuels without technological or genetic advancements 9. Outline This paper aims to examine the advantages and disadvantages of alternative fuels. The discussion will commence by defining alternative fuels and a number of relevant terms. The analysis will then consider ethanol as an alternative fuel and an overview of ethanol production. Subsequently, biodiesels and an overview of biodiesel production will be examined. Following this, the advantages and disadvantages of alternative fuels will be considered. Lastly, the main arguments of this account will be summarised. Definitions Alternative fuels are a sustainable form of energy, are fuels that have not derived from petroleum and can include alcohols, biofuels, hydrogen, natural gas and propane 1. They are commonly solid, liquid or gas biofuels acquired from biomass, vegetable oil, or generated from agricultural food crops 6, 10. A viable alternative fuel must be economical, supply a net energy gain, be beneficial to the environment, and be able to be produced in considerable volumes with limited detrimental impacts6. The alternative fuels that are currently prevalent throughout the world are ethanol and biodiesel 7, 11, 12. Ethanol also referred to as ethyl alcohol, is a colourless liquid alcohol, less dense than water, with the chemical formula C2H5OH 13. Biodiesel is a carbon-neutral fuel that is a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters 13, 14. Alcohols: Ethanol Ethanol is one of the most widely utilized liquid biofuels that can be combined with gasoline to create an ethanol blend fuel, or it can be used in pure form 7, 13. It may be derived by fermenting carbohydrates obtained from natural sugars, starches or cellulosic biomass in plants including sugar cane, corn or straw 7, 15. Generally, this process involves the yeast driven fermentation of glucose in which the energy from the glucose is concentrated in the ethanol and CO2 is released as seen in equation 1 13. 13 The USA and Brazil are presently the two major producers of bioethanol with corn and sugar cane the primary base plants for the US and Brazil, respectively 16, 17. Current fuel yield for corn ethanol has been demonstrated at 1135 1900 L/hectare; to achieve 50 percent of American transport fuel demands, more than 157 percent of USA cropland would need to be utilized 17. In 2005/2006, Australia produced and consumed 41 million litres of ethanol fuel 8. Use and production of ethanol, however has been demonstrated to be increasing 8. In Australia, since 2003, the maximum allowed limit of ethanol in ethanol-petrol blends has been 10 percent 8. In 2007, there were three ethanol production facilities operating in Australia that generated ethanol from grains, such as sorghum and wheat, and from sugar cane, with production capacities of over 150 million litres annually 8. Biodiesels Biodiesel generation emerged in the late 1990s and has continued to rapidly increase 13. Biodiesels are produced from a variety of seed plant oils, such as soybean, palm or rapeseed oil, or from animal fats 10, 15, 18. They are mostly manufactured through the process of transesterification 18. Transesterification involves the mixing and of an oil with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst, such as sodium hydroxide, which reacts to create biodiesel and glycerine 18. The triglyceridies in the oil or fat are converted into a glycerine molecule and three methyl esters of long chain fatty acid molecules (Figure 1)13.The glycerin by-product is not in market demand due to the excess produced from biodiesel generation and recently been discovered to convert into propylene glycol, which has a large market, and acetol 13. Biodiesel manufactured from soybean produces more than 90 percent more energy than is needed to generate it 13. Figure : Transesterification of a triglyceride 18. Biodiesel is manufactured globally, with the USA and Germany dominating the market 20. Around the world, over 1.5 million tonnes of biodiesel is generated annually 15. In 2005/2006 Australia produced and consumed 16 million litres of biodiesel fuel 8. Use and production of biodiesels has increased since8. In Australia biodiesel can be utilized as a replacement for diesel or in a biodiesel-diesel blend of between 5 and 20 percent biodiesel 8. Investigations into utilizing canola or mustard for biodiesel production are occurring in southern Australia while currently, a range of fats and oils are used, such as tallow 8. In Australia, biodiesel production capacity is greater than ethanol production capacity 8. Advantages and Disadvantages of Alternative Fuels Alternative fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel have numerous advantages and disadvantages regarding environmental and societal impacts. The replacement of fossil fuels with alternative fuels could result in a decrease of CO2 emissions, a decrease in air pollution, reduce acid rain and decrease global warming3. Additional benefits include sustainability, fuel security, regional development and a decrease in rural poverty 7, 21. The land area required to generate sufficient alternative fuel to meet demands however, may compete directly with agriculture requirements, water use, may cause pollution from the use of herbicides and pesticides, and could result in the destruction of natural habitats and a decrease in biodiversity 3, 21, 22. In developing countries, the expansion of the alternative fuel industry could increase deforestation, decreasing the removal of CO2 from the atmosphere through photosynthesis 12. The prices obtained for the sale of, for example, Australian produced alter native fuels is variable and depends on domestic prices for petrol and diesel, the world prices of oil and the Australian exchange rate 8. Ethanol Advantages There are several advantages concerning the use of ethanol as an alternative fuel. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is removed by the crop used for ethanol generation, resulting in the process being carbon neutral 15. Using ethanol over fossil derived fuels can result in a reduction of CO2 up to 75 percent 24. Higher densities of ethanol fuel and air can be combusted in an engine compared to petroleum due to ethanols constricted boiling point range and higher latent heat of vaporization (Table 1) 10, 16. Additionally, higher energy density can be achieved in the engine due to a lower stoichiometric air to fuel ratio 10, 16.This may produce enhanced engine efficiency and elevated power outputs in ethanol fuelled vehicles when contrasted to petroleum fuelled vehicles. The use of ethanol as an alternative fuel can result in lower pollution emissions compared to fossil fuels, particularly regarding particulates, alkenes, aromatics and carbon monoxide 13. Disadvantages There are disadvantages associated with the use of ethanol as an alternative fuel. At present, ethanol is not economically competitive 15, 24. Expensive production costs associated with ethanol can be generated due to the use of water for irrigation, herbicides and pesticides, fertilisers, and machinery maintenance 11. Other expenses may be accrued from wages, insurance, land charges, and depreciation of farm assets 11. Ethanol has a lower amount of energy generated per litre combusted, is more corrosive than gasoline and is toxic to ecosystems 13, 20. The use of pure ethanol is limited in colder climates by their low vapour pressures 13. Ethanol production from crops is stated to cause environmental degradation such as dust and exhaust emissions, displacement of alternative land uses, pollution of surface and ground water systems, increased turbidity in surface waters, salinity and bioaccumulation of some pesticides 9, 11. There are a number of environmental problems related to corn generated ethanol such as denitrification, erosion, and nitrogen leaching 9, 11. Ethanol crops are generally inefficient and the yields vary dramatically between various crops 15, 17. The disadvantages noted above indicate that currently, ethanol is not a viable alternative fuel. Biodiesel Advantages A number of advantages are linked with the use of biodiesel fuel over fossil derived diesel fuel. Biodiesel production is stated to be sustainable, environmentally friendly, nontoxic, and biodegradable 1, 5, 10. Biodiesels properties are alike the properties of fossil derived diesel, Table 1, suggesting it can be used unmodified in indirect injection diesel engines 5, 16. Table 1 demonstrates that biodiesel has a higher flash point than petroleum-based diesel making it is safer to store and transport 10, 16. Biodiesel burns cleanly, and the emissions produced have fewer pollutants including less carbon monoxide, sulphates and sulphur oxides, hydrocarbons, nitrogen and particulates 1, 5. It also has a small increase in fuel economy and superior lubricity compared to fossil derived diesel, which can reduce engine wear 7; 14. Disadvantages There are many disadvantages regarding the use of biodiesel as an alternative fuel. Biodiesel production from crops competes with food supply, can detrimentally impact the environmental through nitrogen and phosphorus leaching, and loss of biodiversity 6, 7. Biodiesel generally generates lower power and torque than petroleum-based diesel and can have a higher fuel consumption 10. Biodiesels are also not currently economically competitive 6. They are stated to have higher emissions of nitrous oxides and cold start problems 7. The biodegradability of biodiesel can create problems regarding fuel stability and long-term storage 14. Methyl ester fatty acids deteriorate in conditions with high temperatures, sunlight, oxygen or non-ferrous metals 14. The disadvantages noted above indicate that currently, biodiesel may not be a viable alternative fuel. Conclusion Alternative fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel have both advantages and disadvantages regarding impacts on the environment. Ethanol is usually produced through the fermentation of carbohydrates while biodiesel is generally produced by transesterification. Within Australia, the industry of alternative fuels is steadily expanding. Advantages of alternative fuels may include decreased emissions and air pollution, reduced impact on global warming, sustainability, fuel security, regional development and a decrease in rural poverty. Disadvantages of alternative fuels may include land use competition, water use competition, pollution from the use of herbicides and pesticides, deforestation, the destruction of natural habitats, and a decrease in biodiversity. Currently, the production and use of the alternative fuels ethanol and biodiesel do not appear to be viable.

Pechay

Alexander L. Division. In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Science and Technology IV (Physics) October 3, 2011 Chapter 1 Problem and Its Background A. Introduction For almost three decades, farmers in the Philippines have been using chemical fertilizers, pesticides and growth regulators in their crop production strategies. Despite the high cost of these inputs, and the farmers' awareness that they can adversely affect soil fertility, food quality, human and animal health, and environmental quality; they are used extensively because there are few alternatives that would be considered practical and feasible.One reason for this is that university-based research has strongly promoted the use of agricultural chemicals as ten Test means AT canceling ten enlightens possible crop yelled. I nee predominant question then is how can the farmers shift from a chemical-intensive agriculture to one that is based on the utilization of natural systems, and still maintain their economic Viab ility. It is encouraging that there are some efforts now underway by university researchers, the Philippine government, and the private sector to develop nature farming as an alternative to chemical-based agriculture.The government. The critical role of the agriculture sector in a country's overall economic development as stylized in economic development literature is well known. It releases surplus labor to the industry and services sectors. With 70 percent of the country's poor coming from the rural areas where agriculture is the dominant source of livelihood and employment, the importance of agriculture to the Philippine economy cannot be overemphasized. B. Background of the Study Plants are affected by different substances that come into contact with them. These effects may be good or bad.There are certain substances such as fertilizers, which have a positive effect on the growth of certain plants, more specifically peachy (Brassier ARPA variety cheesiness). Peachy is commonly u sed in cooking in Filipino households. It requires little attention as it is a very hardy plant. It is rich in vitamins A, C, K, and fiber as well, which are all good for our bodies. They grow best in cold seasons. The researchers selected this study to know the effects of different colors of cellophane in peachy. The researchers wanted to find out if these materials would benefit or cause damage to the peachy plant.C. Statement of the Problem The study aims to know the effects of different colors of cellophane in peachy plant especially intent to answer the following questions. 1 . What color of cellophane has the greatest effect on peachy plant in terms of its color of leaves? 2. What color of cellophane has the greatest effect on peachy plant in terms of its height? 3. How tall is peachy plant with the following colors of cellophane: green, red, yellow and clear cellophanes? Compare it to the height of peachy plant without cellophane. D.Significance of the Study Since agriculture is one of the main sources of income for the people in the entry, the researchers would want to determine if different colors of cellophane would affect ten growth Ana color AT pecans plant. I Nils study tout ten erects AT different colors of cellophane is significant because this study will educate the people how the use of cellophane can affects the growth and color of peachy plant. If this study is successful, the researchers will be able to inform the people on how they can make their plants grow faster .Through this experiment, we might be able to find ways of increasing the growth of the peachy plants. E. Conceptual Framework [pick] Chapter 2 Review of Related Literatures and Studies A wide variety of Oriental greens are prepared as vegetables, and many are available to gardeners in Philippines. These greens belong to several different species, and there are several varieties of each, making their classification a bit confusing. Brassier ARPA (synonym,B. Campsites) is the pre dominant species, with several different varieties. Chinese cabbage is Brassier ARPA vary. Kinesics, which includes subtypes that form heads, known as won book and Nap cabbage, as well as leaseholder types. Imbuing and mizzen greens are B. Arrival. Monopolistic; these lawns form fairly large clumps with many stems bearing narrow leaves. Peachy (Brassier ARPA vary. cheesiness) includes types called white cabbage, spoon cabbage, choc Sam (Singapore), pack choc (Hawaii), and taigas and Sharon Pan), as well as others. The preferred type of peachy has dark green leaves and long, white, somewhat wide petioles. Some other varieties have shorter, slightly green petioles.Some varieties are grown for the flowering stems rather than the leaves . The mustard greens grown in the southeastern United States, and the aria and Carson grown for oilseed in India and Pakistan. It is also called brown mustard and Indian mustard. Its forms are variable, with leaves that are smooth or hairy, entire or div ided, and petioles that are either narrow or wide. Compared to peachy, its leaves are lighter green and its petioles are green and shorter. The flowering breccias include choc sum (B. Arrival. Parenthesis), purple flowering pack choc (B. Arrival. Rupture), and Chinese broccoli or Gillian (B. Learner vary. Laborer). Peachy (Brassier ARPA L. C.v. group Pack Choc') is an erect, biennial herb, cultivated as an annual about 15-30 CM tall in vegetative stage. Ovate leaves are arranged spirally and spreading. The petioles are enlarged and grow upright forming a subtropical bundle. Inflorescence is a raceme with pale yellow flowers. Seeds are 1 mm in diameter and are reddish to blackish brown in color. (http://www. Dwarfed. Ad. Gob. PH/peachy. HTML) Uses Ana Nutritional value Peachy is used mainly for its immature, but fully expanded tender leaves.

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